Case Analysis of Yahoo Business Model Essay

Unique Yippee! plan of action is to perform esteem creation exercises to greatest its since quite a while ago run productivity in the web promoting industry. Hurray! first began as a basic index. Furthermore, today, it’s a worldwide web correspondence, trade, and media organization that serve 237 million individual clients month to month. As a result of the colossal number of clients presently are utilizing Yahoo! as a first look into site, its promoting income become a great deal. To have an upper hand and get greatest productivity, Yahoo! chosen to seek after vertical combination methodology. The advantage of vertical incorporation is to build the nature of their products.⠭â ­ Yippee Business Model Presentation Yippee! Inc. is an American global Internet company headquartered in Sunnyvale, California. It is universally known for its Web gateway, web index Yahoo Search, and related administrations, including Yahoo Directory, Yahoo Mail, Yahoo News, Yahoo Finance, Yahoo Groups, Yahoo Answers, publicizing, internet mapping, video sharing, dream sports and its online life site. It is one of the most well known destinations in the United States. As indicated by news sources, about 700 million individuals visit Yahoo sites each month. Yippee was established by Jerry Yang and David Filo in January 1994 and was fused on March 1, 1995. On July 16, 2012, previous Google official Marissa Mayer was named as Yahoo CEO and President, successful July 17, 2012. As per comScore, Yahoo during July 2013 outperformed Google on the quantity of United States guests to its Web locales just because since May 2011, set at 196 million United States guests, having expanded by 21 percent in a year. Hurray developed quickly all through the 1990s. Like motors and Web catalogs, Yahoo included a web-based interface. By 1998, Yahoo! was the most well known beginning stage for web clients. It likewise made some prominent acquisitions. Its stock cost soar during the website bubble, Yahooâ stocks shutting at a record-breaking high of $118.75 an offer on January 3, 2000. Be that as it may, after the website bubble burst, it arrived at a post-bubble low of $8.11 on September 26, 2001. Plan of action To take an early perspective on this organization, one can come to understand that it was really boldness and uniqueness that added to the greater part of Yahoo’s youthful field-tested strategy. The proprietors had the veracity and guts to take their site to the following level, from a little site rundown to a notable brand name and past. The greater part of the establishments for Yahoo were laid before the Dot Com Boom, which means not many individuals had ever constructed an endeavor like this one. Yahoo’s plan of action was tied in with venturing up and facing challenge. The organizers of this incredible organization endeavored to make their site special, an element full bit of the web that would solidify the ordinary web user’s inclinations into one spot. Yippee was tied in with having a home on the web. Before long Yahoo developed, and not long after the Dot Com Boom they were making share-value history, especially in Japan. Things were going incredibly well for this organization, however as rivalry entered the conflict, the youthful business minds behind the behemoth understood that their plan of action needed to change. It was not, at this point one of a kind as in sites like MSN and Google were knocking shoulders. Yippee was in peril to losing their intrigue. That’s when they understood that their essential spotlight from that point on in would need to be broadening. Hurray needed to be tied in with having all that you required on the web in one spot. As innovation created individuals were accomplishing increasingly more of their ordinary business on the web. Hurray needed to expand and quick. Yippee fundamentally needed individuals to have the option to discover whatever they required on this site, so they before long turned over obtaining web crawlers. They later made an arrangement with Google and made an association with the biggest web crawler on the web. This obviously wasn’t enough to accommodate their plan of action of broadening. Yippee moved into a settlement with Verizon and propelled their own web DSL administration. They presented correspondence with Yahoo Messenger. They permitted individuals to check their email with Yahoo Webmail. Before long enough they had everything from games to TV postings to personals. Enhancement was going great for Yahoo. They before long controlled everything that the normal individual required on the web. They were finallyâ becoming the web super-power they are today. Notwithstanding, it was immediately understood that their plan of action needed to change once more. Enhancement was arriving at its cutoff, so Yahoo started to concentrate on development and extension the focal point of its plan of action today. The organization started to procure organizations, for example, Flickr, extending their online realm. This is the place we see Yahoo today. An online impression that won’t stop. Its development is currently its essential center, and who knows where their creating plan of action will take them next. (See Visibility of Yahoo! Brand was acknowledged by comScore Matrix in 2004). Yippee Corporate Governance and vital Issue Yippee! faces various administration and vital difficulties in late 2011 as it attempts to rival opponents, for example, Google and discover approaches to adapt its shareholding and business joins with Alibaba Group in China and Yahoo! Japan. The organization was esteemed at practically a large portion of the offer that Microsoft had made in its procurement offer in 2008. The profundity of the test is underscored by the incessant CEO changes the organization has had. The case looks at the victories and disappointments at Yahoo! what's more, the choices currently confronting its board as it experiences speculator strain to improve execution. The issue at Yahoo! was that it was losing its bit of leeway to more quickly developing organizations, for example, Google additionally the extent of organization’s exercises was not characterized appropriately according to Market Demand. For instance, should the association focus on one territory of movement, or would it be advisable for it to have many? I accepted that Yahoo! was spread too meagerly over an excessive number of various exercises. Generally speaking I can Say Yahoo Corporate Goveranance was inadequate with regards to clearness of proprietorship, responsibility, need engaged, durable vision for there organization. Hurray, while not a withering organization, has battled to remain significant after it missed the two greatest patterns on the web: interpersonal organizations and the transition to cell phones as the portal to data and amusement. Yippee all out income in millions Proposal to Mayer Marissa Mayer is an ex-Google executive, following 13-year profession at the biggest Cloud Company on Earth, Mayer carries significant experience to the CEO position of the once-incredible Web Company. Mayer knows who she’s going up against, she needs to win, and that implies Yahoo! necessities to pull in Valley-class gifts. Mayer did what pioneers do: She settled on a choice that made a few people miserable so as to make progress for the entire endeavor (conditioned up workers and investors). In the wake of seeing Yahoo! lose height a seemingly endless amount of time after year, the analysis leveled at Mayer makes me idealistic about the company’s future. Hurray all out income in a large number of dollars Versatile Products Mayer’s first errand ought to be to explain a dream for Yahoo. Mayer ought to be progressively centered around As we realize that Mobile is the future and versatile change is currently a worldwide marvel so I prescribe Mayer to be increasingly centered around clients propensities through items and applications accessible on its web-based interface, for example, fund, news, climate, email, sports, and so forth Portable Competition Mayer must be solid and steady for portable rivalry, report propose that Facebook and google is currently expected to arrive at a piece of the pie of practically 40% of the versatile promoting market in the US one year from now. Its portable games and applications are giving no indications of easing back down, Facebook and Google makes certain to give Yahoo! an intense time as the last attempts to venture into portable. Income enhancement While expanding use Yahoo! necessities to put more concentrate on developing worldwide nearness and speaking to a more extensive segment of clients. At present, Yahoo! infers 75% of its complete income from the Americas locale, something that should be chipped away at later on. Search development and Advertisement Web Search should keep on being a key region of speculation for Yahoo! .Hurray! ought to improve more on the publicizing quality on its web index, On the off chance that Yahoo! can keep up above key regions than I might suspect it’s liable to become much further later on. References: Hurray FAQs. (2012). Financial specialists FAQs . Recovered from http://yhoo.client.shareholder.com/faq.cfm Jones, G. R. (2007). Hurray. In C. W. L. Slope and G. R. Jones (Eds.), Strategic Management AnIntegrated Approach (eighth ed., pp. C102-C114). Boston, NY: Houghton Mifflin Company. Yippee! we esteem. Recovered from http://docs.yahoo.com/information/values/Yahoo 10K. (2011, 12 31). Yippee 10k Annual Report . Recovered from http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/YHOO/2120211742x0xS1193125-12-86972/1011006/filing.pdf Pay articulation Retrieved from http://in.finance.yahoo.com/q/is?s=YHOOWomack, B. (2012, 08 10). Yippee technique audit may bring about changes to money plans. Bloomberg, Retrieved from http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-08-09/hurray president procedure survey may-bring about changes-to-money plans.html The NewYork Times, Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/14/innovation/organizations/14baidu.html?_r=1Claburn, T. (2006, 01 13). Hurray loses claim over nazi memorabilia deal.

Michael Faraday Essays - Fellows Of The Royal Society,

Michael Faraday It isn't my expectation to lay before you an existence of Faraday in the common tolerating of the term. The obligation I need to perform is to give you some thought of what he has done on the planet; harping by chance on the soul in which his work was executed, and presenting such close to home attributes as might be important to the fruition of your image of the logician, however in no way, shape or form satisfactory to give you a total thought of the man. Michael Faraday was conceived at Newington Butts, on September 22, 1791, and he kicked the bucket at Hampton Court, on August 25, 1867. At the point when thirteen years of age, in other words in 1804, Faraday was apprenticed to a book shop and bookbinder where he went through eight years of his life, after which he filled in as an understudy somewhere else. Faraday's first contact with the Royal Institution was that he was presented by one of the individuals to Sir Humphry Davy's last talks, that he took notes of those talks; kept in touch with them genuinely out, and sent them to Davy, begging him simultaneously to empower him to stop exchange, and to seek after science, which he cherished. Davy was useful to Faraday, and this ought to never be overlooked. He on the double kept in touch with Faraday, and thereafter, whenever an open door happened, made him his right hand. In Rome he gained fast ground in science, and after a period was endowed with simple investigations by Davy. In those days the Royal Institution distributed 'The Quarterly Journal of Science,' the antecedent of 'Procedures.' Faraday's first commitment to science showed up in that diary in 1816. It was an examination of some scathing lime from Tuscany, which had been sent to Davy by the Duchess of Montrose. Between this period and 1818 different notes and short papers were distributed by Faraday. In 1818 he tested after 'Sounding Flames.' Every now and then somewhere in the range of 1818 and 1820 Faraday distributed logical notes and notification of minor weight. Right now he was securing, not delivering; buckling down for his lord and putting away and fortifying his own psyche. He helped Mr. Brande in his talks, thus unobtrusively, dexterously, and unassumingly was his work done, that Mr. Brande's business at the time was articulated 'addressing on velvet.' In 1820 Faraday distributed a synthetic paper 'on two new mixes of chlorine and carbon, and on another compound of iodine, carbon, and hydrogen.' This paper was perused before the Royal Society on December 21, 1820, and it was the first of his that was regarded with a spot in the 'Philosophical Transactions.' On June 12, 1821, he wedded, and got leave to bring his young spouse into his rooms at the Royal Institution. There for forty-six years they lived respectively, possessing the set-up of lofts which had been already in the progressive inhabitance of Young, Davy, and Brande. At the hour of her marriage Mrs. Faraday was twenty-one years old, he being almost thirty. Oersted, in 1820, found the activity of a voltaic flow on an attractive needle; and promptly subsequently the awesome acumen of Ampere prevailing with regards to indicating that each attractive wonder at that point known may be diminished to the shared activity of electric flows. This stood out for Faraday to the subject. He read much about it; and in the long stretches of July, August, and September he composed a 'past filled with the advancement of electromagnetism,' which he distributed in Thomson's 'Archives of Philosophy.' Soon a short time later he took up the subject of 'Attractive Rotations,' and on the morning of Christmas-day, 1821, he called his significant other to observe, just because, the transformation of an attractive needle cycle an electric flow. Accidental to the 'memorable sketch,' he rehashed practically all the analyses there alluded to; and these, additional to his own ensuing work, made him reasonable ace of every one of that was then known in regards to the voltaic current. In 1821, he likewise addressed a subject which consequently got his closer consideration - the vaporization of mercury at normal temperatures; and quickly a short time later directed investigations on the combinations of steel. He was acclimated in after years to present to his companions razors shaped from one of the amalgams at that point found. During Faraday's long periods of freedom from other

Summary of Pennzoil v Texaco - Free Essay Example

Case Summary Getty Oil Company had two major shareholders, Gordon Getty, Getty Museum. Gordon Getty who was also the trustee of the Sara Getty Trust owned about 40% of the outstanding shares of Getty Oil. The Getty Museum held about 12% of shares of Getty Oil. In January 1984, Pennzoil Company rendered an offer to buy 3/7ths of Getty at $110 per share. Then representatives of Pennzoil, Gordon Getty and Museum reached the Memorandum of Agreement by signing on the agreement. The agreement stated that $110 per share offer was subject to the approval of the board of Getty oil and it would expire by its own terms if not approved at the board meeting in later days. Few days later, the board of directors of Getty Oil voted to reject the agreement price of $110 per share on the meeting as it was too low. Afterwards, Getty Oilà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s investment banker, Geoffrey Boisi, started looking for other companies that are able to offer a higher price. Meanwhile, the board rec onvened to revise Pennzoil proposal to $110 per share plus a $3 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“stubà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  to be paid from the proceeds of the sale of ERC, a Getty Oil subsidiary. On the same day, the board accepted an updated proposal in which the guaranteed minimum for the stub was increased to $5. Towards the end of the meeting, representatives from Pennzoil and Getty Oil agreed on the proposal by shaking hands. After the meeting, lawyers began preparing definitive merger documents and press release to announce the deal. Next day, both Getty Oil and Pennzoil made the same announcement about this deal; however, the merger documents were not ready yet. At the course of the merger document preparation, the Gettyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s investment banker Boisi still continued to contact other companies that could offer a higher price than Pennzoil offered. As a result, Texaco decided to offer simpler deal of $125 per share in cash. One day after the Texacoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s offer, Getty boar d changed their mind to accept Texacoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s offer instead, then Texaco issued a press release stating the merger between Getty Oil and Texaco immediately. Next day, the merger agreement was signed together with stock purchase agreement with the Museum and stock exchange agreement with the Trust. This had resulted in lawsuit in Delaware and Texas brought by Pennzoil against Getty Oil, Gordon Getty, Getty Museum, and Texaco in order to get the deal back to Pennzoil. Later on, Pennzoil added tortious interference with a contract to its claims against Texaco as Texaco had agreed to indemnify Getty Oil from any claims arising out of its sale to Texaco. In Texas court, Texaco affirmed that Pennzoil never had a contract because the parties had not yet agreed on the essential terms of the deal and that, even if a contract did exist, Texaco did not tortuously interfere with it. Neither Getty nor Texaco treated handshake as a symbol of agreement. Pennzoil presented the amount of damages caused by the agreement withdrawal. It was totaled at 7.53 billion in compensatory damages. In the end, the jury awarded Pennzoil $7.53 billion in compensatory damages and $1 billion in punitive damages. Analysis The issue here is whether both Pennzoil and Getty were bound to the Memorandum of Agreement, whether there was a binding contract, and whether Texaco tortuously interfered with a contract between Pennzoil and Getty. The determination of these three factors is a question of fact for three parties. The terms of a contract could determine whether the contract is binding or not. Once it shows that there is a binding contract, we could start focusing on whether Texaco intentionally or unintentionally interfered with the contract. There was a substantial evidence of Pennzoil and Gettyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s intention to be bound subject to approval by their boards of directors. This intent was clearly shown by the Memorandum of Agreement and press release by both par ties. However, the most confusing part is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“subject toà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . There is an arguable difference between a transaction being subject to various requirements, and the formation of an agreement being conditioned upon completion of such requirements. Any intent of the parties not to be bound before signing a formal document was not so clearly expressed in their press releases to establish that there was no contract at that time. The press release does refer to an agreement in principle and states that the transaction is subject to execution of a definitive merger agreement. But the announcement as a whole is allegedly stated in indicative terms, not in subjunctive or hypothetical ones. The press release describes what shareholders will receive, what Pennzoil will contribute, that Pennzoil will be granted an option, etc. Pennzoils witnesses testified that when business people use agreement in principle, it means that the parties have reached a meeting of the mi nds with only details left to be resolved. Other than the preliminary financial arrangements made by Pennzoil, there was little relevant partial performance in this case that might show that the parties believed that they were bound by a contract. However, the absence of relevant part performance in this short period of time does not compel the conclusion that no contract existed. At the end of the January 3 board meeting, the Getty Oil Company, the Museum, the Trust, and Pennzoil intended to be bound to an agreement that provided that Getty Oil would purchase the Museums shares forthwith as provided in the Memorandum of Agreement. There is evidence in the record to support this finding. Based on the criterion to determine whether the parties intended to be bound only by a formal signed writing, we should know whether a party expressly reserved the right to be bound only when a written agreement is signed; whether there was any partial performance by one party that disclaimed the contract was accepted; whether all essential terms of the alleged contract had been agreed upon; and whether the complexity or magnitude of the transaction could require that a formal and executed writing would normally be expected. In order to figure out whether Texaco interfered with the merger agreement between Pennzoil and Getty Oil, we need to identify elements of the tort of interference with contract: existence of a contract, tortfeasorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s knowledge of the contract, tortfeasorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s intentional inducement of a breach of contract, and damages. As we discussed above, there were a binding contract and pecuniary damages resulting from the breach of contract. Under the common law, a party who suffers a breach of contract is entitled to recover in tort from a third party whose improper interference induced the breach. This right is over and above any claim for contract damages the aggrieved party may have against the breacher. Damages for the same i njury may not be recovered twice, but it is possible for the aggrieved party to recover compensatory damages from the breacher, and exemplary or punitive damages from the inducer. Note that under the Restatement, liability in tort can attach even if there is no breach of contract; all that is needed is nonperformance. A defendant who induces a contracting party to exercise her bargained-for right of termination may be liable for the other partyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s losses, if the inducement is found to be improper. The contract need not even be fully enforceable; courts have held that one who induces a contracting party to avoid a voidable contract (for example by asserting the Statute of Frauds or a defense of mistake) may be liable for the counterpartyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s pecuniary losses. There are differences between New York law and Texas law. Under New York Law, if parties do not intend to be bound to an agreement until it is reduced to writing and signed by both parties, then there is no contract until that event occurs. If there is no understanding that a signed writing is necessary before the parties will be bound, and the parties have agreed upon all substantial terms, then an informal agreement can be binding, even though the parties contemplated evidencing their agreement in a formal document later. In the beginning, Pennzoil tried to block the Getty-Texaco merger at court in Delaware, but the Delaware court denied the request, and the next day Pennzoil filed suit in Houston seeking for awards of damages. Under Texas law, Judges dealt with the case and granted damages award to Pennzoil. Texaco could not appeal until it posted a bond for the full amount of the judgment, plus interest, which the company could not afford. Then, Texaco tried to move the case to New York and complained to a Federal judge about unfair ruling. Federal District Judge Charles Brieant ruled that Texaco did not have to post bond for the full amount, but could put up $1 billio n as security. A Federal appeals court in New York affirmed his ruling. This triggered that not only Pennzoil but many outside legal experts argued that it threatened the principle of federalism by invading territory reserved for the state courts. This goes to important constitutional questions about federalism and the fairness of the legal process in different states. A big mistake Texaco made was not able to deal with evidence of damages at trial, a professor from Columbia law school said. With the benefit of hindsight, Texacos trial strategy was obviously catastrophic, said Prof. Robert Mnookin, who teaches at the Stanford law school. Additionally, most impartial observers would agree that the jurys damage award was absurdly high and was not proportionally related to Pennzoils actual damages (Lewin Tama 1989) From ethical viewpoint, this is a true story of deceit and treachery. Pennzoil spent so many days in negotiating with Getty Oil and preparing for the merger. They ende d up making Memorandum of Agreement and shaking hands to agree with new terms. Both issued the merger announcement on their website. All of these could prove that they were very likely inclined to be bound by the agreement. However, Getty Oil backed out of the agreement for the offer by Texaco, which made Pennzoilà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s efforts worthless. Despite whether they should be bound by the agreement or not, Getty Oil misled Pennzoil. Another issue stemmed from the lawsuit is the big winners in this case. They are all the lawyers who got paid $60 million, a professor at the University of Michigan law school said. It is hard to justify $60 million for this. Conclusion This case suggests that Pennzoil and Getty Oil had made a preliminary agreement. If the merger turns out to be profitable after uncertainties are resolved, the parties would make a formal contract later. But if the transaction turns out to be unprofitable, the parties would abandon the project together. Dis putes aroused under the preliminary agreement after Pennzoil had invested time and efforts. Disappointed Pennzoil believed that they were entitled to compensation either for their expectation or for the investment cost, while Getty Oil thought that they were entitled to exit without liability. In order to decide whether the parties have reached a fully binding contract or not, we should looked into two things. First, the parties had agreed on all material terms and intended to memorialize the merger agreement in a formal document. Texaco court treated this type of agreement as a fully binding contract when the evidence supports a finding that the parties did not intend the formalization of their agreement to be essential. Second, the parties have made a preliminary agreement as defined above when they have agreed on certain terms but left other terms open, so that the best inference from their negotiations is that they have made a binding preliminary commitment to pursue a profit able transaction. First, the parties have engaged in preliminary negotiations when they have discussed a deal but have not agreed to one. In this event, the disappointed party can recover nothing.4 1. Does your draft essay identify and have a discussion of each of the 4 elements of the tort of interference with contract, Pennzoils cause of action against Texaco? 2. Does it have a deeper discussion of one of the elements, possibly whether there was a contract at all, possibly whether the law on wrongful inducement to breach a contract was correctly applied? Did you explain what another analyst said about that issue in a law review article? Bagley Restatement (Second) of Torts Section 766 defines interference with contract. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“One who intentionally and improperly interferes with the performance of a contractà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦between another and a third person by inducing or otherwise causing the third person not to perform the contract, is subject to liabil ity to the other for the pecuniary loss resulting to the other from the failure of the third person to perform the contract.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Restatement (Second) of Torts 766 (1979). Based on those elements, it seems you have one of two areas in which you might explain the lack of clarity in the law: 1. What is a contract and whether there was one in this story. 2. Whether Texaco honestly believed Getty and Pennzoil had a contract and intentionally induced Getty to breach it Reference TAMAR LEWIN. 1989. Pennzoil-Texaco Fight Raised Key Questions. [online] Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/1987/12/19/business/pennzoil-texaco-fight-raised-key-questions.html. [Accessed on March 2014] Cornell University Law School. 1987. PENNZOIL COMPANY, Appellant v. TEXACO, INC. [online] Available at: https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/481/1#writing-type-1-POWELL. [Accessed on March 2014] https://openjurist.org/784/f2d/1133/texaco-inc-v-pennzoil-company

Antigone The Foreign Policies Of George Bush s...

Seamus Heaney’s adaptation of Sophocles Antigone takes inspiration from the foreign policies of George Bush’s administration, (McElroy. S, 2007 NYT). This is most notably seen through the character Creon and how he dictates to the people. Sophocles version of Antigone was written at a time shortly before Sophocles became one of ten generals that led a military expedition against Samos. I am going to be looking at the scene in which Creon and Haemon argue over Antigone and ultimately part on bad terms. I am choosing this scene because the themes of family loyalty, authority and war are easily defined here, alike at the time of writing the original script, the Theban society valued family and loyalty above all else, they were also often at war. Antigone is part of a series of Theban plays by Sophocles and concludes what his later plays started. At the start of the play, we learn of the deaths of her two brothers, Eteocles and Polyneices. The death of her brothers and her unrelenting refusal to let one of their bodies rot leads Antigone to be imprisoned in a tomb. This event leads father and son to defy society’s value of family loyalty and argue; Creon: The woman has you round her little finger Haemon: Shutting me up still doesn’t make you right. Creon: †¦ You’ll pay for this disrespect†¦ Sophocles targets the traditional Theban values of family loyalty, which would’ve caused a difference of opinion in the audience of his time. Threatening Haemon for his disrespect would’ve

Essay Greek and Roman Governments - 772 Words

Greek and Roman Governments The Greek democratic and Roman republic governments each had their own positive and negative aspects making them similar, yet exclusively different. Both have had tremendous influences on governments in our modern world. Rome was a republic where the leaders were chosen through voting, while Greece practiced a more direct democracy in which the citizens participated in the crucial decision-making within the government. This paper will attempt to diagnose the fundamental similarities of each government coupled with the not so obvious differences. Based on the evidence from each type of government, it is clear that each were similar and different in numerous ways, in particular the way each government†¦show more content†¦The second major similarity between ancient Greek and Roman civilizations was that their citizens voted on who to make their elected officials, however the difference was that each culture differed in their definition of a citizen. The Greeks only recognized native-born males having the right of citizenship, women and slaves could not be citizens and therefore could not vote. The Romans on the other hand, recognized foreigners residing within Italy as half-citizens giving them full legal rights but not the right to vote. Greece mostly voted into office people of middle- to upper-class citizens, whereas Rome only voted in the rich 10% of their population. Even though history seems to show that the Greeks were more fair by randomly selecting citizens to run for office, the Roman government specifically chose who would run for election similar to our political race today where the Republican and Democratic parties choose who will be there candidates. The third similarity/discrepancy noted between these two cultures is the hierarchy. Greece did not elect representatives primarily because their population was small enough that they could practice a more direct democracy, where the citizens actually participated in the politics . On the other side of the coin, the Romans did practice a representative democracy by electing two consuls to act as heads of state.Show MoreRelatedGreek and Roman Concepts of Citizenship and Government1361 Words   |  6 PagesGreek and Roman Concepts of Citizenship and Government Joe Wickenden, Sarah Dowling, Ginger Snyder, Leone Hansen HIS/341 October 27, 2014 Joel Getz Greek and Roman Concepts of Citizenship and Government The definition of citizenship in Greek and Roman cultures can be described much differently than the current democratic definition of contemporary nations. 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There are many shared traditions, but yet there are many differences between the two. The countries are both Mediterranean, however they had different social class structures, different mythology, and placed different values on life. Ancient Greece was vibrant in the fifthRead MoreGreek And Roman Ideas778 Words   |  4 Pages Greek and Roman Ideals When considering the ancient Greek and Roman ideals you can see the distinct similarities in their art, government, monotheism, and architecture. The Romans duplicated many of the Greek styles and modified them to suit their lifestyles. Greece and Rome influences can be seen in art today with the use of concepts, techniques, and styles that were founded by the Greek classical ideal. These include techniques for carving sculptures and the construction of massive metropolitan

Less isnt more Essay Example For Students

Less isnt more Essay Theatres aim to strike the delicate balance between downsizing creative risk-taking. More and more these days, art imitates business. The grimmest financial picture in memory has sent Americas nonprofit professional theatres scurrying to the profit-seeking community for means of survival. Mounting deficits and dwindling resources force theatres to cut costs in every conceivable way. Productions are fewer, smaller and safer. Budget gaps drive theatre professionals to other lines of work. While well-heeled theatre companies dig into their pockets, smaller companies scrape by, hoping that an economic upturn will improve their prospects. Just like hundreds of strapped companies in every industry, theatres have embraced downsizing. Clearly, downsizing has merit. When income shrinks, budgets have to shrink also or the venture eventually will fail, whether it produces widgets or new plays. But theatres that succumb to the profit sectors passion for downsizing should be wary of pitfalls. In the for-profit world, downsizing is supposed to eliminate ventures where the outcome cannot be predicted with a high degree of certainty. Research and development often go first. Marginal units and projects go next. Businesses routinely survive crunches by becoming low-cost suppliers of goods and services. Cost savings go to investors, who measure success by return on investment. Return on investment cannot be measured, however, when the payback is aesthetic. A theatre that slashes its equivalent of research and development in the name of tighter management sacrifices its soul, not to mention future audiences. Vibrant theatres court uncertainty. They do not banish it because times are tough. When you downsize so much, the biology of the institution gets compromised, warns Zelda Fichandler, who has been at the vanguard of nonprofit theatre since she launched Washington, D.C.s Arena Stage in 1950 on $800 per week. The budget today exceeds $9 million per year. I dont think theatre will improve because you strip it down to its core. Fichandler fears a loss of experimentation and creative dialogue in a downsized climate. Theatre must be some kind of journey where every village does not have a perfect dinner, she declares. The toll is already profound. No one today could dream of producing a show like Arenas 1967 smash, The Great White Hope, a production that required 60 actors, 232 costumes and 11 sets. The trend poses a risk that nonprofit theatres will lose touch with writers whose plays fill wide tableaus. So far, however, the appetite for these plays has not vanished. In Chicago, the Steppenwolf Theatre Company recently restaged last seasons hit, The Song of Jacob Zulu, by Tug Yourgrau, with 25 actors in the cast, then transferred the production to Broadway last month. The Lambs Theatre in New York City has agreed to produce Arthur Girons new play about the young Wright brothers, which will require more than 10 actors and some very imaginative staging to recreate mans first powered flight. Robert Schenkkans Kentucky Cycle, an epic drama that runs six hours and calls for 19 performers, received its world premiere at the Intiman Theatre in Seattle, a subsequent run at the Mark Taper Forum in Los Angeles and the 1992 Pulitzer Prize for Drama. The acclaim dramatizes the argument for taking risks that are inconsonant with downsizing. The Intiman took an enormous gamble on the Kentuck y Cycle, Schenkkan says. |Artistic director~ Liz Huddle did the rest of the season on a unit set. But the recognition that it brought the Intiman cannot be bought. It put them on the map in a significant way. Large and small nonprofit theatres have approached Schenkkan for the rights to mount new productions, but thus far the shows scale has kept it on their back burners. The chance of being first to produce next years Pulitzer Prize winner does not alter the fact that strained finances clamp down on options. Sadly, theatres must impose restraints just when they have matured as institutions. We probably have the most thoughtful and experienced group of people who set artistic policy than at any time, says Jon Jory, producing director at Actors Theatre of Louisville. It is ironic that at the very time when we have finally prepared this cadre of experienced artistic directors, financial restraints are most severe. When people are expansive aesthetically, they have to be conservative financially. Even Actors Theatre, with a recent $9.5-million capital fund drive under its belt and no deficit, is downsizing. Name an aspect of the budget and weve taken 10 to 15 percent out of it, says Jory, who sees no turnaround on the horizon. We are saying no for the first time since the early days, Jory concedes. It used to be a resident set designer was $1,700 over budget and we didnt discuss it. Now it requires a full-fledged meeting. Jory no longer casts shows in New York or Los Angeles. Rather than conduct expensive searches on either coast, he relies on several hundred actors he has worked with beforeeven if that pool does not include the perfect actor for a particular role. Meantime, the theatre has scaled back advertising and marketing activity. But these were easy cuts. If subscriptions continue to erode at the same pace, one thousand or so a year, the next round may go much deeper. We are flat-out going to have to think about popularizing our seasons, he declares. Shows with track records may suit audiences comfortable with realism and naturalism, but Jory frets that they are out of sync with the best young directors, who tend to share an inbred disdain for realism and naturalism. What's the matter with tax exemption? EssayHope is alive at two theatre groups in Philadelphia. We have spent very little time going Woe is me,' says Dan Schay, executive director of the Philadelphia Drama Guild. Instead, a growing deficit sounded a wake-up call to the board. Together with a board member acting as a de facto financial vice president, Schay initiated a thorough organizational assessment. Meanwhile, a discrete fund drive raised more than $100,000. We did not want to get to the point where we had to cry wolf, Schay explains. We wanted to talk quietly about the existence of wolves. Some funds have come out of artistic projects, but overall Schay says the impact is negligible. Still, the theatre postponed a production of Brechts Galileo that required 20 actors to portray 55 characters. Something as complex as Galileo should not just fill a slot, its an event, says Schay, who is attempting to raise support for the project. Meanwhile, the Drama Guild replaced Galileo with Nora, Ingmar Bergmans version of A Dolls House. Across town, the Philadelphia Festival Theatre for New Plays recently won kudos for a production of Chekhovs The Seagull, translated by the theatres artistic director, Carol Rocamora. The payoff for a production with 12 characters and four sets was an extraordinary invitation to restage it for the 1994 International Chekhov Festival in Moscow. We are lucky to have funding sources that believe in us, Rocamora says. In its 19th season, the Illusion Theatre in Minneapolis has been attracting larger audiences to its productions, but not enough to offset erosion to other sources of income. As a result, the theatres budget has shrunk slightly in each of the past two years. We are thinking much longer and harder about when we are ready to commit to a production, says artistic director Michael Robins. In 1993 the theatre retreated from a tradition of producing at least one epic play each season. None of the casts numbered more than three actors. But the pipeline holds at least two larger plays that are candidates for production in 1994, under the auspices of the Fresh Ink Series. One, a play by Martha Boesing, is taken from Meridel LeSeurs stories about life in Minnesota during the Great Depression. The saga centers on The Annunciation, a story about a pregnant woman who wants to have her child although hopelessness surrounds hera theme not entirely foreign to the nonprofit theatre itself these days. There will be nine actors and live music. We want to go with the |original~ idea rather than make the idea for three people, Robins says. Another play in the Fresh Ink Series, Ping Chongs epic Deshima, originated in Holland and had a U.S. production at La Mama ETC. It tells the story of the Dutch colonization of Asia in a visual collage with lots of slides, fairly elaborate technical requirements and a large Asian-American cast. StageWest, a Lort C theatre in Springfield, Mass., may be more typical of many nonprofit theatres. Funding sources have dried up left and right, says artistic director Eric Hill. The budget has fallen from $2.2 million to $1.3 million since 1989. We have lived for four years with the sword of Damocles over our heads, Hill says. To make up for funding shortfalls, the current season offered audiences Tennessee Williamss Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, Love Letters by A.R. Gurney, Other Peoples Money by Jerry Sterner and Shirley Valentine by Willy Russell, in contrast with the 1990-1991 season that featured Visions of an Ancient Dreamer, adapted from Euripides by Eric Hill; Sweet N Hot in Harlem, conceived by Robert Elliot Cohen with music by Harold Arlen; and Night Must Fall by Emlyn Williams. The company continues to develop new projects on its 99-seat second stage. Like Visions of an Ancient Dreamer, some receive main stage productions. Last seasons Hamlet, performed by a cast of interns, traveled to the main stage and then on to Japans annual Toga Festival at the invitation of Tadashi Suzuki. Currently, the troupe is developing What You Will, a multimedia version of Shakespeares Twelfth Night adapted by Hill for a cabaret format. The adversity-builds-character school will maintain that financial restraints force an institution to focus on its true mission. Besides, as playwright A.R. Gurney notes, the theatre has always operated under limitations of some kind. In earlier eras they were cultural and religious. Our limitations are financial. How theatres defy modern limitations will eventually inspire nostalgic recollections. The theatre has rarely been a very rich place to work, and creativity has no price tag. As long as there is willingness to take risks, brilliant ideas should not be any scarcer just because the chips are down. It just seems harder to give them shape that will attract an audience. But this is nothing new. Heroics are part of the fabric of the theatre, Zelda Fichandler notes. The structure of drama itself consists of people trying to get around obstacles.

Who Is To Blame For The Deaths Of Romeo And Juliet Essays

Who Is To Blame For The Deaths Of Romeo And Juliet? Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy about two star crossed lovers whose love cannot apart them from their two feuding families. In this essay I will state who or what are responsible for their deaths, the main theme of the story is hatred and fate. Firstly I must introduce the two families because their attitude of hatred is responsible for the deaths mainly because if they hadn't quarrelled then maybe Romeo and Juliet wouldn't have got married in secret. Resulting in the feud all the members perpetuated the feud this is illustrated by Tybalt from the Capulet family, Juliet's cousin, he started the fight that resulted in Romeo getting banished and he was always causing trouble. He more than any one else in the story kept hatred alive between the two families because of his violence. I also blame Lord and Lady Capulet, Juliet's parents because they should have paid more attention to Juliet's wishes when she refused to marry Paris. At first they threatened to throw her out onto the streets as in Act three Scene 5 Capulet says to Juliet "Thursday is near lay hand on heart and you be mine, Ill give you to my friend, and you to be not, hang, beg, starve, die in the streets." Lady Capulet also put her daughter in the care of the Nurse who raised Juliet as her surrogate daughter. The Nurse being a blabbermouth out spoken person was also responsible for the death of Juliet. She never acknowledged that maybe Juliet wasn't ready for this immense step in her life from an on looker guardian. In Act two-Scene four the Nurse warns Romeo to be true to Juliet and she explains there is another man after her Paris she compares the two. She says to Romeo that her Juliet is sweet "well sir my mistress is sweetest lady, lord o there is a noble man in town Paris." She encouraged Juliet in her romance with Romeo because the action of her being a blabber mouth is that she carried the messages of a secret meeting of where she knew that they where going to spend a night of passion together in Act three Scene two she says to Juliet "hie to your chamber Ill find Romeo to comfort you hark ye, your Romeo will be here all night" She advised Juliet to marry Paris, knowing she was already married to Romeo. I also blame Friar Lawrence who was the person that took these newly met lustful children into their marriage, since Romeo and Juliet where two children were married so soon and at a young age this made them unable to make they're own decisions. This statement can be proved about Romeo because when he was banished he bellowed like a baby the Nurse had to make young Romeo act like a man just to think of Juliet instead of himself. The main reason for Friar Lawrence's decision to marry the two is wrong is because he thought this might help to make the two families stop fighting in Act two Scenes six Friar Lawrence says, "till holy church incorporate two in one". In the end this was proven to be the motivation for the two children killing themselves he also gave Juliet the sleeping potion Act four Scene one "take this vial, being in bed and this distilled liquor drink thou off". Now I must introduce The Prince ruler of Verona where the story is set. The Prince had the power to act to stop the feud between the two families. It was unjustified of him to send Romeo away from Verona as a punishment for killing Tybalt when the fighting was Tybalt`s own fault for killing Mercutio in Act three Scene three he says "hence from Verona art thou banished: taking thy part, hath rushd aside the law and turn`d that black word into banishment". Mercutio had an influence on Romeo because of his friend ship, Mercutio`s attitude to the quarrels and fighting made the situation worse. He saw the feud as a game and that attitude led him to his death and Romeo's banishment. Even though I am blaming certain people for the tragic deaths of Romeo and Juliet I have to consider that Romeo and Juliet had an affect